The first millennium ce saw major demographic, cultural and political change in Europe, including the rise and fall of the Roman Empire, migration and the emergence of medieval institutions that shaped the modern world. The post-Roman transformation of lowland Britain was particularly profound. The end of the Roman administration in fifth century Britain preceded a dramatic shift in material culture, architecture, manufacturing and agricultural practice, and was accompanied by language change1. The archaeological record and place names indicate shared cultural features across the North Sea zone, in particular, along the east and southeast coasts of present-day England, Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony (Germany), Frisia (Netherlands) and the Jutland peninsula (Denmark)2,3,4. Examples include the appearance of Grubenhäuser (sunken feature buildings), large cremation cemeteries and the styles of cremation urns or objects that used animal art and chip-carved metal7,8,9,10,11. Moreover, wrist clasps, as well as cruciform and square-headed brooches, found in sixth and seventh century Britain had attested southern Scandinavian origins12,13. Despite these similarities across the North Sea zone, there was also insular material culture that had no continental equivalent14,15. Adding to this, some places and geographical features such as rivers retained names of Celtic or late Latin origin16,17.
Our three-way population model for present-day England supports a view of post-Roman English genetic history as punctuated by gene flow processes from at least two major sources: first, the attested arrival of CNE ancestry during the Early Middle Ages from northern Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark, and second, the arrival of ancestry related to France IA. Although we cannot precisely date the order of those arrivals, at least substantial amounts of France IA-related ancestry seem to be absent in northern and eastern England during the Early Middle Ages and therefore must have arrived there subsequently. In other parts of England, however, it may have entered together with CNE ancestry or even earlier. Notably in southern England, namely, Eastry, Apple Down and Rookery Hill, several early medieval individuals already exhibit France IA-related ancestry, which probably results, at least in part, from localized mobility between the south of England and the Frankish areas of Europe during the Early Middle Ages (Extended Data Fig. 8a). Indeed, Frankish material culture is evident in these regions, particularly in Kent and Sussex58,59,60. Admixture from this second source is, therefore, unlikely to have resulted from a single discrete wave. More plausibly, it resulted from pulses of immigration or continuous gene flow between eastern England and its neighbouring regions.
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Official description: "Claire is an MI5 agent who goes undercover as the royal nanny. She must overcome the challenges of her assignment, like resisting the charms of Prince Colin, while keeping the family safe at Christmas."
Ukraine says a long-range rocket strike against Russian forces has killed more than 50 troops in the southern region of Kherson, as Kyiv kickstarts efforts to retake the territory in a counter-offensive set to employ hundreds of thousands of troops.
Russia and separatist proxies were already in control of the southern part of Donetsk province when they effectively completed the seizure of the neighboring Luhansk region on Sunday with the capture of the city of Lysychansk, much of which now lies in ruins, Reuters reports.
The Kherson region in southern Ukraine has begun preparations for a referendum on joining Russia, TASS reported on Wednesday, citing the deputy head of the Russian-installed civil-military administration Kirill Stremousov.
U.S. President Joe Biden leaves Saturday to meet with other G7 leaders in southern Germany. He will then head to Madrid for a summit where NATO is expected to announce planslaos to expand its forces in eastern Europe and Washington will lay out steps to strengthen European security.
Kaliningrad is the only Russian Baltic port which doesn't freeze over in the winter. For trade with Europe, and from Russia's western regions, having the port all year is invaluable. Without it, goods would have to be delivered to southern Russian ports like Novorossiysk on the Black Sea, before an even longer journey by ship to reach the Atlantic.
A missile strike in southern Ukraine's Mykolaiv region on Friday morning killed at least one person and injured six others, including a child, the governor of the Mykolaiv region, Vitaliy Kim, said on Telegram.
The bodies of scores of Ukrainian fighters killed during the siege of the Azovstal steelworks in the southern city of Mariupol are still awaiting retrieval, the former commander of Ukraine's Azov National Guard regiment said on Sunday.
Nataliia Humeniuk, a spokeswoman of the southern military command, said she realized that the tourism business and recreational component was an important element, "but we also realize that if we don't hold the defense of our region, there will be no budget to fill."
Ukraine's state-run nuclear power operator Energoatom criticized the IAEA on Tuesday for its plan to send a delegation to a Russian-occupied nuclear plant in southern Ukraine, saying that it "did not invite" such a visit.
- Ukraine's state-run nuclear power operator Energoatom said a Russian cruise missile flew "critically low" on Sunday morning over the major nuclear power plant at Zaporizhzhia, southern Ukraine. The object was seen on security cameras.
Russian President Vladimir Putin discussed political, trade and economic cooperation, as well as the impact of Western sanctions with the Chairperson of the African Union (AU) and Senegalese President Macky Sall in the southern Russian city of Sochi on Friday.
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